Coal Composition

Coal has the main composition of carbon, and carbon in a nature make a chemical reaction to build their substances. These substances are varying and have their own name depend on the composition on their chain. Carbon in their chemical chain usually called as carbonates that have many name of these substances.

The mineral that usually available on coal are as follows:

Silicates:

• Clay minerals:

1. Kaolinite Al₂Si₂O₃(OH)₄
2. Illite
3. Montmorillonite
4. Chlorite
5. Mixed layer clays

• Others:

1. Quartz SiO₂
2. Chalcedony SiO₂
3. Feldspar KAlSi₃O₄
4. Tourmaline NaMg₃Al₆B₃Si₆O₂₇(OH)₄

Sulphides:

• Pyrite FeS₂
• Marcasite FeS₂
• Sphalerite ZnS
• Galena PbS

Carbonates:

• Calcite CaCO₃
• Dolomite (CaMg)CO₃
• Siderite FeCO₃
• Aroganite CaCO₃
• Ankerite (FeMgCa)CO₃
• Dawsonite NaAlCO₃(OH)₂
• Strontianite SrCO₃

Sulphates:

• Gypsum CaSO₄.2H₂O
• Barite BaSO₄
• Anhydrite CaSO₄
• Coquimbite Fe₂(SO₄)₂.9H₂O
• Szomolnokite NaFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆

Other minerals:

• Apatite Ca₂F(PO₄)₃
• Goyazite SrAl₃(PO₄)₂(OH)₅H₂O
• Anatese TiO₂
• Rutile TiO₂
• Haematite Fe₂O₃
• Geothite Fe(OH)₃
• Zircon ZrSiO₄

CO The Poisonous Gas

Poisonous gas is consisting of elements that threat to our live. The poisonous gas can enter to our body through of many ways, through breath of nose, permeated to the skin, and from injection.

Poisonous gases usually colorless and no smell but threat to our environment seriously. The common gases that destroy our environment are CO and H2S. The poisonous gas exposed to our environment in two model; chronic and acute.

Chronic Expose:

• Expose for long time
• Affected to hemoglobin
• Feel getting flu such as headache
• Cause weakened to our health resilience
• Carbon monoxide is one of this reasons

Carbon Monoxide Data:

• Colorless, smelliness, flammable LEL 12.5%
• Very poison; can absorb oxygen 200 – 300 time faster than oxygen in the hemoglobin

1. Exposures: PEL/TWA 25 ppm
2. C 200 ppm
3. IDLH 1200 ppm

• Source from industry: steel mill, garages, general industries.

Effect of CO:

• 25 ppm, permissible exposure limit for 8 hours
• 400 ppm, headache for 2-3 hours
• 1600 ppm, headache and hallucination for 20 minutes and fall and died if exposed for 1-2 hours.
• 6400 ppm, headache for about 1-2 minutes, unconscious and died on 10 – 15 minutes

Flammable Liquid

Flammable liquid is grouping into their gas group, the group of flammable liquid is just use for using an equipment that is suitable for this environment. Some equipment is not suitable with this liquid properties and can make broken to certain equipment if forced using on this environment.

Group specification and characteristics of some common flammable liquids, gases, and vapor are listed in the table below:

Material	Boiling Point oC	Flash Point oC	Ignition Temp. oC
Acetone	56	-20	465
Acetylene	-83	Gas	305
Ammonia	-33	Gas	651
Benzene	80	12	498
Butane	-1	Gas	287
Carbon Monoxide	-192	Gas	609
Ethane	-89	Gas	472
Ethyl Monoxide	78	55	363
Ethylene	-104	Gas	450
Heptane	98	-4	204
Hydrogen	-252	Gas	500
Hydrogen Cyanide	26	-18	538
Methane	-162	Gas	537
Propane	-42	Gas	432
Toluene	111	4	480

The data given in that table is derived from NFPA 325M. Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a material give off sufficient vapor to form an explosive gas/air mixture in the air immediately above the surface.